Infection Immunity
Application of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Infection Immunology Research
Infection immunity is the science of studying the interaction between the host and pathogenic microorganisms. After pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasitic pathogens) infect the body, on the one hand, the cells of the body quickly stimulate immune regulation signals through the immune recognition system, and then respond through innate immunity and acquired immunity, thereby resisting the invasion of external microorganisms. On the other hand, pathogenic microorganisms can evolve escape mechanisms to evade immune system surveillance. The immune system is composed of immune organs, immune cells and immune active substances. The immunoassay method ELISA can detect the level of each immunologically active substance. This method can provide auxiliary means for studying the immune mechanism of pathogens, the immune regulation mechanism of pathogen infection, and the immune evasion mechanism of pathogens. It can better explain the pathogenic pathological mechanism of infectious diseases, and can also provide information for the detection of pathogenic infections.
Common Targets in Infection Immunology Research
Alkaline Phosphatase
Alanine Aminotransferase
Beclin 1
C Reactive Protein
Cadherin 17
Carboxypeptidase A3
Defensin Beta 1
Dermatopontin
Envoplakin
Fetuin B
Gelsolin
Histamine
Advantages of ELISA in Infection Immunology Research
- Can monitor the occurrence and development of the infection immune process
- The type of pathogen can be judged by detecting immunologically active substances
- The prognosis of the body can be monitored by detecting immunologically active substances
Common Targets Detected by ELISA in Infection Immunology Research
Alanine Aminotransferase
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) mainly exists in liver and heart tissue cells. Normally, only a small amount of ALT is released into the blood. However, in the acute phase of various viral hepatitis and drug-toxic hepatocyte necrosis, ALT is released into the blood in large quantities, so it is an important indicator for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis and toxic hepatitis. The detection of ALT in serum by ELISA has the characteristics of high sensitivity and strong specificity, so the results of ELISA can provide a basis for viral hepatitis.
Secretory Immunoglobulin A
Secretory Immunoglobulin A (slgA) exists in the secretion fluid, mainly in the form of dimer and high molecular weight. As the main antibody of mucosal immunity, sIgA is responsible for important immune functions. sIgA can prevent the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria. And plays an important role in neutralizing intracellular viruses, dissolving bacteria, and regulating phagocytosis. By measuring the content of slgA in the secretion, not only the local immune status of the mucosa can be understood, but also the early diagnosis of the disease.
Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a peptide chain composed of 456 amino acid residues, which exists in normal human and animal serum. LBP has a high affinity for bacterial endotoxins, also namely lipid A in lipopolysaccharide so it is easy to bind to lipopolysaccharides. LBP has a double-edged sword in the inflammatory response. It can lead to uncontrollable inflammatory response and decrease of immune defence barrier function, causing a systemic inflammatory response, etc., and it also has an anti-inflammatory effect.
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References
- Senior, J.R. Alanine aminotransferase: a clinical and regulatory tool for detecting liver injury-past, present, and future. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012, 92(3): 332-339.
- Kumar, N.; et al. Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin A core. Science. 2020, 367(6481): 1008-1014.
- Schumann, R.R.; Zweigner, J. A novel acute-phase marker: lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Clin Chem Lab Med. 1999, 37(3): 271-274.
